Do fig wasps produce mixed paternity clutches?

Abstract

Pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Agaonidae) have been the focus of numerous studies examining sex ratio evolution. Recently, molecular genetic techniques have been introduced that assume single matings in fig wasps, yet their mating biology has not been investigated genetically. We used recently developed microsatellite markers to investigate whether a pollinating fig wasp (Liporrhopalum tentacularis Grandi) produces single or mixed paternity clutches. The clutches of 12 females which had had the opportunity to mate with males of different genotypes were investigated. The results suggest that, at least in this species of fig wasp, single paternity clutches are the norm. Based on our behavioural observations, this appears to be due to mating with a single male rather than sperm competition. [KEYWORDS: Hymenoptera ; Liporrhopalum ; mating system ; microsatellites ; paternity ; sex ratio]